@InProceedings{HerdiesBresFigu:2023:DeSoAm,
               author = "Herdies, Dirceu Luis and Bresciani, Caroline and Figueroa, Silvio 
                         Nilo",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "The detection of the South America Tropopause Aerosol Layer over 
                         the Amazon region",
                 year = "2023",
         organization = "International TOVS Study Conferences, 24.",
             abstract = "The Amazon is one of the most important tropical forests in the 
                         world because it is a key in the regulation of the global climate. 
                         It is the world's largest rainforest, where interactions between 
                         the forest and the atmosphere are fundamental to rainfall 
                         throughout South America and have an indirect effect on all the 
                         regions around the world. Furthermore, the Amazon region may be a 
                         source of aerosol that will act as cloud condensation nuclei 
                         (CCN). During the rainy season over the Amazon region, in which 
                         intense convective activity associated with the South America 
                         Monsoon System (SAMS) prevents fires, the primary sources of 
                         aerosols include biogenic emissions, dust from the Sahara Desert, 
                         and emissions from burning biomass transported from Africa. 
                         Besides that, the downward transport of aerosols from the upper 
                         troposphere (UT) has been considered a source of particles to the 
                         lower troposphere. The particles in the UT over the tropics region 
                         have been one of the largest aerosol reservoirs in the atmosphere, 
                         which could be from primary aerosols, such as dust, organic carbon 
                         and black carbon or secondary aerosol formed by trace gases in the 
                         free troposphere. The existence of an aerosol layer at the 
                         tropopause level has been observed during June, July, and August 
                         in Asia and North America (Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer - ATAL 
                         and North American Tropopause Aerosol Layer - NATAL, respectively) 
                         associated with the deep convection of the Monsoons System. 
                         Therefore, the aerosol enhancement in the UT and lower 
                         stratosphere (LS) and the formation of an aerosol layer over the 
                         Amazon region associated with the deep convection of the SAMS 
                         during the austral summer are investigated. In the past, field 
                         campaigns over South America (SA) (GoAmazon2014/5 experiment) 
                         showed aerosol enhancement in the UT. They suggested that new 
                         aerosol particles are formed in the UT from biogenic volatile 
                         organic material that goes up by upward transport associated with 
                         the deep convection. The enhancement of aerosol backscatter values 
                         over SA is observed from October to January; it gradually 
                         decreases during the following months. The aerosol backscatter 
                         inferred from MERRA-2 Reanalysis showed a maximum value of the 
                         2.24x10-5 km-2sr-1 over the Amazon during November and December. 
                         The results showed the first evidence of the existence of the 
                         South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL) that covers the 
                         tropical SA and vertically extends up to 80hPa (approximately 18 
                         km), similar to ATAL, and NATAL. The aerosol backscatter inferred 
                         from MERRA-2 reanalysis was validated using the attenuated 
                         backscatter by CALIOP from CALIPSO satellite. However, field 
                         campaigns such as the CAFE-BRAZIL campaign (Chemistry of the 
                         Atmosphere: Field Experiment in Brazil), which will be during 
                         December/2022 and January/2023 using the HALO (High Altitude Long 
                         Range Aircraft) aircraft, are necessary to study the formation of 
                         SATAL.",
  conference-location = "Tromso, Norway",
      conference-year = "16-22 Mar. 2023",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "30 abr. 2024"
}